Master 1 – Physics

First semester

from September 1^st to January 31

Atomic and Molecular Physics I · 8 credits | 35h CM + 30h TD

Nuclear Physics I · 8 credits | 35h CM + 30h TD

Condensed matter physics · 8 credits | 35h Lectures / 30h Tutorials

General physics labs · 3 credits | 30h TP

English (or French) · 3 credits

Second semester

From February 1^st to June 30

Advanced physics at the microscopic scale · 13 credits

Theoretical physics · 5 credits

Applied physics · 5 credits

Research internship · 12 credits

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Atomic and Molecular Physics I

Chapters I to V & Chapter VII: 20hCM + 19hTD

Responsable: J.-Y. Chesnel

Energy quantization
1. Black body radiation and Planck's law
2. Photoelectric effect
3. Atomic spectra
Wave-particle duality
1. Statement of de Broglie
2. Compton scattering 3. Matter-wave interference

Bohr's model (TD)
Quantum treatment of the hydrogen atom: energy levels and wave functions
1. Motion in a central field – Schrödinger’s equation
2. Study of the angular part
3. Study of the radial part
4. Probability density of the electron
Stark effect on the hydrogen atom (TD)
1. Hamiltonian W describing the action of the electric field on the atom
2. Matrix elements of W on the basis of the eigenstates of H₀
3. Energy correction (of order 2) for the ground level n=1
  (stationary perturbation of a non-degenerate level)
4. Energy correction for the four-fold degenerate level n=2(stationary perturbation of a degenerate level)

Background on the atomic levels
1. The Hamiltonian H describing the energy of a free atom
2. Approach by successive approximations to find the eigenfunctions
  and eigenenergies of H
Eigenfunctions and eigenenergies of the central Hamiltonian / Electronic configurations
Terms and fine structure levels of atoms with several valence electrons
1. Spectral terms in the L-S coupling scheme: effect of the dielectronic interaction
2. Fine structure levels in the L-S coupling scheme: effect of the spin-orbit interaction
3. "Terms" and "levels" in the j-j coupling scheme

Introduction to the effect of a sinusoidal perturbation: Prediction of the perturbation theory / Fermi's golden rule
Hamiltonian of interaction between a wave and an atom (with 1 electron)
1. Reminders on the fields and potentials associated to a plane electromagnetic wave
2. Interaction Hamiltonian in the low intensity limit
3. Electric dipole Hamiltonian
4. Magnetic dipole Hamiltonian and electric quadrupole Hamiltonian
Resonant excitation. Absorption and stimulated emission
1. Transition probability associated with a monochromatic wave
2. Excitation by a broad spectrum. Transition probability per time unit
Absorption, stimulated emission and spontaneous emission
1. Reminders on the statistical physics
2. Radiation-atom interaction processes and Einstein coefficients
  1. Absorption
  2. Induced or stimulated emission
  3. Spontaneous emission
  4. Relations between Einstein coefficients and orders of magnitude
3. Wave absorption and wave amplification

Introduction
Doppler effect
Lifetime and natural width
Collision effects V. Doppler effect and energy resonance. Frequency shift of the absorption and emission lines

Fundamental aspects of lasers
The main laser systems
The different temporal regimes of laser operation
Propagation of light by laser beams: characteristics and modeling of a Gaussian beam, calculation of the characteristics of a focal spot, notion of focal volume

Introduction
Born-Oppenheimer approximation
Introduction to the theory of molecular orbitals (in the case of homonuclear diatomic molecules)
1. The molecular ion H2+
2. Molecular orbitals in the case of homonuclear diatomic molecules
  1. Construction of molecular orbitals by LCAO
  2. Filling of molecular orbitals - Molecular configuration
  3. Molecular terms
Modeling of the molecular vibration
1. Harmonic oscillator model
2. Corrections to the harmonic approximation
Modeling of the molecular rotation
1. Rigid rotator model
2. Corrections to the rigid rotator approximation
Orders of magnitude for electronic, vibrational and rotational energies

Condensed matter physics

35h Lectures / 30h Tutorials

Responsable : C. Dufour

Objectives:

Showing, from the electromagnetic wave-matter interactions, the potentialities of radiative spectroscopic techniques for the structural study of solids
Radiative spectroscopies :X-ray diffraction and absorption spectroscopies (X-ray fluorescence, infrared, Raman, magnetic spectroscopies, etc.)

a. High energy electron spectroscopy (X-ray fluorescence): origin of the emission spectrum; implementation of the elementary analysis: crystal analyzer for spectrometry.

b. General features of vibrational spectroscopies (infrared, Raman): energy ranges, molecular vibrations (simplified model for diatomic molecule), origins of infrared and Raman spectra, phonon selection rules, comparison between infrared and Raman spectroscopies;

c. Magnetic spectroscopy: nuclear magnetic resonance (proton NMR) and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR)

a. Hamiltonian. single electron approximation. Energy and electron density.

b. Periodic potentials (Krönig Penney, Bloch's theorem, weak potential approximation).

c. Quasi-free electrons.

d. Electronic properties due to the periodic potential: density of states, average velocity

a. The tools of statistical and quantum physics useful to treat of the following points

b. Specific heat of a classical crystal. Dulong and Petit's law

c. Lattice specific heat: general expression, behavior at low and high temperatures

d. Debye and Einstein models.

e. Density of normal modes

f. Anharmonic effects: thermal expansion

g. Thermal conductivity: kinetic theory, relaxation time, temperature dependence

h. Discussion on the modification of these properties with the size of the systems -> nano effect

Metal-semiconductor junction (Schottky diode)

a. Schottky diode at equilibrium

b. Energy band diagram: work output, electron affinity

c. Rectifier and ohmic contacts, space charge region

d. Schottky diode under external bias

e. Non-equilibrium situation in a semiconductor: quasi-Fermi levels, Einstein relation

f. Capacitance-voltage characteristic of the Schottky diode, determination of the dopant profile

g. Calculation principles of the thermionic current through the diode, Richardson's constant

h. Operating principles of a PN junction (I-V characteristic) and of a bipolar transistor.

Experiments and Simulations

(2nd semester) 18CM 32TP

Introduction :
1. general concepts : continuous/discrete, deterministic/stochastic simulations
2. use cases : simulations for experimental/industrial design, data analysis, statistics and probabilities
Pseudo Random Number Generators :
1. True/Quasi/Pseudo Random Number Generators
2. Uniform deviates generator (discrete and continuous)
  1. principle, seeding, internal state
  2. application: Knuth & Lewis generator
3. probability distributions for discrete and continuous random variables
  1. probability mass function
  2. probability density function (p.d.f.), cumulative distribution function (c.d.f.)
4. The Inverse transform sampling for pseudo-random number sampling of continuous random variables
5. Rejection sampling
6. Composite and weighted random generators
7. Practicalities, methodology and examples
System modelling :
1. 2D-3D geometry models:
  1. primitive geometrical shapes (box, cylinder, tubes...)
  2. hierarchical geometry model : placement of solids (translations, rotations)
  3. Application: virtual numerical model of a arbitrary experimental setup
2. Modelling physical properties in a 3D geometry model: materials
Random sampling in a 2D or 3D geometry:
1. surface and bulk position sampling algorithms using 2D or 3D shapes
2. direction sampling (2D/3D isotropic sampling)
Particle kinematics random sampling : beams, light or radioactive sources
Deterministic and stochastic transport methods:
1. ray tracing
2. particle tracking
3. random walk
Modelling particle interactions in matter:
1. deterministic and stochastic processes
2. transport and intersections on surfaces
3. continuous processes : energy loss, multiple scattering, actions of external continuous fields (EM, gravitational) and ODE solvers
4. Discrete processes (on-the-fly decay, production of secondary particles)
5. Examples: dE/dx for charged particle, Compton effect for gamma rays, reflexion, absorption, refraction for photons
Exploring hypotheses and parametric spaces: Using simulations for setup optimization (experimental design) - Using simulations for inference and inverse problem solving
Stochastic methods: Monte-carlo methods for numerical integration - Importance sampling - Simulated annealing

Numerical workshops illustrating various concepts using the Python 3 programming language

System modelling through object oriented programming (OOP)
Creation and utilisation of a generic toolbox library with primitive functionalities (random sampling, geometry, modelling, algorithms, physical processes...)
Practicalities and methodology

Nuclear physics
1. Gamma spectrometer efficiency by simulation (Y.Lemière - 5h)
2. Straggling effect on the light charged particle range computation (Y.Lemiere - 5h)
Atomic physics
1. Molecular spectroscopy: absorption spectrum of the I₂ molecule (J.-Y. Chesnel - 2h)
2. Electron spin resonance: measurement of the Landé factor of the DPPH molecule (J.-Y. Chesnel - 2h)
3. Design of a beam profiler (hardware and software): application to Gaussian beam propagation and speckle pattern analysis (M. Fromager - 6h)

Matter and Radiation

18h CM 12h TD 30h TP

Introduction
General properties of detectors
1. Introduction
2. Detector operating modes
  1. Current mode
  2. Pulse mode
3. Response function and energy resolution
  1. Response function
  2. Energy resolution of a detector
4. Detection efficiencies
5. Timing of detection
  1. The "fixed" type of resolution time
  2. "Recurring" or cumulative resolution time
6. Other parameters and characteristics
Gas detectors
1. Introduction
2. Ionization chamber
  1. Charge migration and collection
3. Proportional counters
  1. Creation of a proportional counter
  2. The multiplication factor
  3. Resolution in energy
  4. Time response of the proportional counter
  5. Applications
  6. Split gas detectors
4. Geiger-Müller counters
5. Summary of gas detectors
Scintillation detectors
1. Introduction
2. Organic scintillators
  1. Light emission mechanism
  2. The different types of organic scintillators
  3. The response of the organic scintillator
3. Inorganic scintillators
  1. Principle of operation
  2. Characteristics of the most common inorganic scintillators
4. Collection of scintillation light
  1. Photomultipliers and other sensors
  2. Precautions for the use of conventional PM
  3. Analysis of output pulses
Semiconductor detectors
1. Introduction
2. Characteristics of semiconductors
  1. Conduction in semiconductors
  2. The different types of semiconductors
  3. Currents in semiconductors
3. The PN junction
4. Signal from a junction detector
5. The different junction detectors
  1. Generalities
  2. Junctions for the detection of charged particles
  3. Junctions for detection of X and γ photons
6. Conclusions on semiconductor detectors
Some notions of nuclear electronics
1. Introduction
2. Analog nuclear electronics chains and their different elements
  1. The preamplifiers
  2. The amplifier and signal shaping
  3. The analogic to digital converter
  4. The constant fraction discriminator
  5. The charge .digital converter
  6. The time digital converter
  7. The scaler
3. Connections
4. Digital nuclear electronics chains and their different elements

Objectif: detection des particules alpha, beta, gamma.

Utilisation de 3 types de detecteurs differents (jonction Si, scintillateur, detecteur gazeux). L'etudiant part de zero et doit tout mettre en place au cours de chaque TP.

Il y a 4 TP de 7h00 (un TP dure toute une journee) + une seance d'intro de 2h pour presenter les TP et faire qq rappels.

spectre beta avec jonction Si: mesure du T(beta) max
detection alpha avec jonction Si: mesure de l'epaisseur de feuilles de mylar
detection gamma dans un NAI: photoelectrique, compton
utilisation d'un detecteur gazeux: objectif a preciser

Subjectmatter of the course	lectures	tutorials
Presentation of the open questions and challenges concerning radiotherapy and hadrontherapy, with special emphasis on the relevant physical aspects.	1h
Energy deposition in tissues due to electromagnetic interaction.	2h
Absorbed dose for photons, protons and carbon ions.	1h	2h
Nuclear reactions, cross sections and number of reactions for thin target, thick targets, composite targets.Consequences on the dose.	1h	2h
Possible reactions with ¹²C beams, calculation of the excitation energy, kinetic characteristics of the associated particles.Consequences on the dose.	1h	2h
Nuclear models and simulations	2h
Presentation of the experiments performed at Ganil	1h

Master 1 – Physics

First semester

Second semester

Atomic and Molecular Physics I

Nuclear physics I

35h CM + 30h TD

Properties of nuclei:

Nuclear models:

Nuclear collisions:

Condensed matter physics

35h Lectures / 30h Tutorials

General physics labs

First semester, 30hTP

Experiments and Simulations

(2nd semester) 18CM 32TP

Matter and Radiation

18h CM 12h TD 30h TP

Nuclear physics II

27h CM + 18h TD

Atomic and Molecular Physics II

Master 1 Physics - Second semester, 18hCM + 12hTD

Advanced Quantum Mechanics

2nd semester, 18hCM + 12hTD

Classical and quantum scattering

18h CM + 12h TD

Physics for hadrontherapy

9CM + 6TD

Nuclear energy and waste

Optical spectroscopy

9h CM + 6h TD

Nanoparticles

M1 S2b2 Applied Physic